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PRACTICAL HINTS 



GLANCE UPON FARMING 



WRITTEN FOR THE 



WEYMOUTH STOCKHOLDERS. 



PHILADELPHIA. 



1855. 




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PRACTICAL HINTS 



GLANCE UPON FARMING 



WRITTEN FOR THE 



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WEYMOUTH STOCKHOLDERS 



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PHILADELPHIA. 

1855. 



PRACTICAL HINTS ON FAEMING. 



To the Stockholders of the 

Weymouth Farm and Agricultural Co. 
Gentlemen: , 

As many of you wish to improve your farms, and per- 
haps have not had the leisure to acquire the particular informa- 
tion as to the most economical and feasible methods, the under- 
signed has taken the liberty of presenting you with a few hints, 
which, he can only flatter himself, may give rise to better and 
more important ones in your own minds. Such as they are, 
however, he believes they will be found substantially correct, 
as he has not relied so much upon his own judgment, as that 
of persons who have lived upon the property, and from actual 
experience become familiar with the requirements necessary to 
cultivate the land with profit and success. 

The matters which will first come under consideration, will 
be- 

1. The course Stockholders should pursue when going upon 
the land. 

2. First thing necessary to be done. 

3. Implements at first required. 

4. Qualities of the soil. 

5. Products the most suitable to each particular quality. 



The course StocJcholders sJiould pursue hefore going iqyon 

the land. 



In embarking in any undertaking, the great and supreme 
object we liavg in view, is to make it successful, and profitable. 
To do this, it is necessary to provide against every difficulty, 
and place it beyond the power of circumstance or chance to 
defeat our purposes. These remarks are so applicable to the 
present undertaking, that they can be fully carried out. In 
order to do so, I would suggest an unity of action amongst 
different classes of Stockholders ; that is, instead of going 
upon the land separately and alone, they form small sub-com- 
panies of from ten to twenty. This can be done amongst 
particular friends or persons, whose reliability will give confi- 
dence. By thus harmonising together, a large amount of stock 
can be saved. The knowledge that one does not possess, another 
will. There will always be some who are well informed upon 
the practical operations of a farm, and who can thus give a 
guiding hand to the less experienced. This consideration is 
of the highest importance, as upon it depends the profit — the 
saving of labor and money, and is enough alone to demonstrate 
not only the benefits to be derived from the association of 
friends, but its absolute necessity. Each member will be posses- 
sed of some qualifications to make him of advantage to the whole. 
The expense of a great deal of separate carrying can be saved ; 
instead of its being necessary for each person when they are 
in want of any implement, or the like, to go to the expense 
of a journey to the city, thus neglecting their aftairs, and 



losing time, they can, by joining together, authorise some honest 
and reliable agent to attend to their business. The best 
method for carrying this principle out, is for friends or persons 
intending so to associate together, to have their farms adjoin-, 
ing, and make their selections from the land with an eye to the 
products they wish to raise. After they have entered upon it, 
being near neighbors, they should have meetings each week for 
the purpose of gaining information of each other; or, at least, 
make such organization as they find to be most judicious. If 
this plan is carried out, I am satisfied that the hopes and 
anticipations of every man will be realized, and more. There 
is no wider field in the Union presented for obtaining a home 
and an independence, than in the security of a profitable farm, 
lying directly between two markets, where the soil is the most 
suitable of any for raising the products most in demand. To 
fail is out of the question, provided the principles of success 
are in the least observed. Mutual incitement is a powerful 
progressor; under its influence the idler will work, when 
he otherwise would be weak and discouraged. The uninformed 
will soon learn, and, in short, your objects will be accomplished. 



II. 

First thing necessary to he done. 

1. The first care is to build a house that will answer the 
temporary purposes of the farmer. But as all labor, as well 
as money, should be economised, it is advisable to bestow suffi- 
cient care and taste upon it to make it suitable to form a part 
of a more extended building. The locality should be convenient 
to the fields and out-buildings, yet easily accessible to the 



highway, about a sufficient distance to make a fine row of trees 
leading from the gate to the dwelling; this adds both value 
and ornament to a property, and is one of the most beautiful 
features that can be introduced. It should be generally ob- 
served. A stone house is cooler in summer and warmer in winter, 
whilst it is more permanent and economical ; frame attracts 
vermin and requires frequent re-painting, or it is soon possessed 
of a poverty-stricken appearance. The outlay for a stone house 
is about the same, and it always looks better. In building, an 
eye should always be had to ultimate value ; ornamental styles, 
whilst they are richer and more tasteful, cost no more than the 
plain and old fashioned. In the sale of a farm, a house of this 
kind, being an ornament to the property, will make a difference, 
very often, of 50 per cent. Where there are private companies, 
a convenient and substantial dwelling might at first be erected, 
to accommodate the owners of several adjoining farms. This 
is a matter which should be well considered, as by it time and 
expense will be saved, and stockholders be brought oftener to- 
gether. A small but comfortable house can be built for from 
three to five hundred dollars. Reliable builders are already 
located at Colville, from whom plans and specifications can be 
obtained. In regard to barns and out-houses, this is a matter of 
which Stockholders will have more time to consider, and they 
can be erected as necessity requires. But there is one thing 
which, above all others, I would suggest, and that is that all 
out-buildings and in fact any buildings requiring it, should be 
white-washed once a year. It will make them last twice as 
long, add to their value, be a saving of money, present a 
beautiful appearance, and be a credit to the owner. Where it 
is not done, it is a positive disgrace. It looks poverty-stricken 
and neglectful, and is not only a disgrace to the country, but 
the farmer, as it is apparent that he has not the intelligence to 



know his own interests. We always find those who understand 
their business, very careful about the neatness and economy of 
their properties, and above all things this should be the charac- 
teristic of Weymouth Stockholders. 

2. — Fencing. 

In this country there is more fencing than is necessary. — 
That which is done should be done Avell. A large area of 
fences is generally neglected, and through it cattle contract the 
habit of disregarding them and destroying the crops. Where 
the fences are of the strongest and best kind, the animals are 
usually found tractable and of good habits. The consideration, 
therefore, should be to have as little fencing as possible, but 
that of the best kind. If every field or patch is separately 
fenced off, whilst it serves no better to keep the cattle out — 
a great outlay of money is incurred — whilst attention to re- 
pairing and keeping it in order requires a great deal of time 
and expense. The land which it is intended to work, should be 
the first enclosed. The old-fashioned worm fence is the cheap- 
est, on account of the facility with which Pine and Cedar rails 
can be obtained — much of the slender timber already answering 
that purpose. I will give a separate account of the different 
kinds and expense, so that in their choice. Stockholders can 
use their discretion. 

A pine fence of this kind, which will last five years, and if 
white-washed, longer, will cost eight cents a panel — of cedar 
25 cents — post and rail fence will cost 75 cents a panel — a 
worm panel is 9 feet long — post and rail 10 feet. All rails 
are generally cut 11 feet long. Wire fencing 20 feet long, 
will cost ^1 a panel, including painting. Cedar fence or Wire 
will last at least 50 years and perhaps longer. Hedges pre- 



8 

sent a very beautiful appearance, ibut where timber is plentiful, 
it is doubtful whether it is as cheap — they harbor a great deal 
of vermin, and require much attention. As a matter of fancy 
they look very beautiful around gardens and pleasure grounds. 
The orange hedge is mostly used in the South and West. 

3. — Grubbing. 

This is an important part of the first duty of the farmer, and 
he who does it best invariably succeeds most. By proper at- 
tention, a farm can be made to work as easily as though it had 
been ploughed for 20 years, and this desirable end accom- 
plished without costing a cent. The best plan is to grub 
before the timber is taken oif. This is done with a grubbing 
hoe and axe. The roots are cut first, and the tree serves as a 
lever for tearing it up. This process is simple and thorough, 
whilst the advantages are immense. The principles of econo- 
mising to clear the expenses, are these : The large grubs should 
be burnt to charcoal, for which purpose it is superior to most 
anything else, and commands a very high price. The small 
should be used for ^ fuel, and the ashes carefully saved for 
manure, of which it makes the best kind. Mr. Thackeray, who 
resides upon the tract, and is a most practical farmer, has test- 
ed this by experience. Independent of the thorough clearing 
the land thus receives, the benefit for agricultural purposes is 
much greater. The soil is mellowed equally, and an excellent 
coating of manure is obtained, formed by the decomposition of 
vegetable matter. Moreover, when the land is once grubbed 
thoroughly, the work is done — there is no breaking of ploughs, 
or injuring of horses. The sprouts and nettles that spring up 
where it is half attended to, cost as much eventually, as the 
origilial expense, whilst they consume the manure and take the 



strength of the soil as much as the crops. The operation 
shoukl be thoroughly performed for 14 inches in depth, in order 
to take advantage of sub-soil. 



III. 



Implements at first required for a farm of from 20 to 

40 acres. 



R. L. Allen, in his excellent work upon Agriculture, observes 
" There has been a ' penny wise and pound foolish' policy 
adopted by many farmers, in their neglect or refusal to supply 
themselves with good tools to work with. They thus save a 
few shillings in the first outlay, but frequently lose ten times 
as much by the use of indifferent ones, from the waste of labor 
and the inefficiency of their operations.^ A farmer should es- 
timate the value of his own and his laborer's time, as well as 
that of his teams, by dollars and cents ; and if it requires 
thirty, ten or even one per cent, more to accomplish a given 
object with one instrument than with another, he should, before 
buying one of inferior quality, carefully compute the amount 
his false economy will cost him before he is done with it. Poor 
men or those who wish to thrive, can ill afford the extravagance 
of buying inferior tools, at however low a price. The best are 
always the cheapest; not those of high extravagant finish, or 
in any respect unnecessarily costly, but such as are plain and 
substantial, made on the best principles and of the most durable 
materials." 

The following enumerated implements are those which it will 
be necessary to commence with; others can be obtained as re- 
quired. The particular kind or make of instruments mentioned, 



10 

is sucli as lias been found absolutely necessary for this land, and 
in the selection, therefore, particular attention should be paid 
to it. 

2 Grubbing hoes and axes. The best that can be had are 
made at Williams' Tool and Implement Manufactory, on the 
east side of the Germantown Road, second door above Phoenix 
Street, Philadelphia. 

1 Wrought Iron Peacock Plough, No. 5. 

1 Harrow. 

2 or more Shovels. 
1 Spade. 

3 or more Hoes. 

3 Forks for Manure. 

1 Gravel Rake. 

1 Hay Rake. 

1 Wheelbarrow. 

1 Cart. 

1 Grindstone. 

1 Straw Cutter. 

1 Horse, Harness, Curry-comb, and Brushes. 

A small Chest of Carpenter's Tools. 



IV. 

Qualities of Soil. 

There is every quality of soil upon the Weymouth Tract, 
that can be desired for agricultural purposes. It possesses 
not only the particular kind necessary, but that of the best. 
There is no land in the State, which for variety of soil, rich- 
ness and fertility, can claim superiority over this. Before it 



11 

was known, it was considered a matter ■which could only be 
ascertained by a more thorough knowledge of its nature than 
any then possessed, or by experience in practical farming. Since 
then both have been obtained. The opinion of well informed 
agriculturists, who have traversed the property, has been such 
as to elicit their public enconiums, whilst a good scientific 
farmer, of enlarged and extended views, has raised upon the 
property itself, the finest crops, and converted his own farm 
into a garden spot. The Hon. William Parry, of Cinnaminson, 
Burlington county, New Jersey, (one of our most eminent agri- 
culturists and the proprietor of the horticultural gardens,) in 
1854, before any of this land was thrown in the market, spent 
several weeks upon it, superintending a survey made for Stephen 
Colwell, Esq., the previous owner. He went there, as he remarks, 
with all the prejudices incident to those who know nothing of 
that part of the State ; but after he became thoroughly ac- 
quainted with its qualities, he was so agreeably disappointed, 
that he considered the impressions abroad in respect to it, a 
public misfortune. He accordingly addressed a letter for pub- 
lication to the ^^ Camden Democrat.'' It appeared in that 
paper on the 16th of September, 1854. 
I will give his own words in respect to it. 
"Having spent several weeks in this country, surveying 
what, in common parlance, is called "Jersey Pines," the prejudi- 
ces which, in common with others, I had previously entertained 
against them, has been displaced by a more intimate acquaint- 
ance with their true merits. The wood which covers most of the 
the high table land, and has heretofore been considered an in- 
cumbrance in the way of cultivating the soil, now readily com- 
mands from three to four dollars on the ground. ^ ^, 

The borders of the streams abound with cedar of the finest 
quality ; the hills with excellent building stone, and the valleys 



12 

with springs of soft water. The nature of the soil is generally 
sandy or a mellow loam for a few inches on the surface, which 
is underlaid by a sub-soil strata of gravelly loam and clay, so 
very essential to retain moisture and nourishment for the support 
of fruit trees, plants and cereal crops, and accounts for the 
unusually healthy appearance and luxuriant growth of the 
peach trees now before my view, laden with luscious fruit, bend- 
ing their branches in graceful curves, nearly or quite to the 
ground, and which the owner informed me were planted more 
than fifteen years since ; still they show no signs of decay. 
Apples, peaches and other choice fruits, also potatoes, vege- 
tables and perishable articles, have heretofore been cultivated 
only for family use — the distance to Pennsylvania was so great 
to haul them by land in good condition, but now they can be 
sent there by the railroad within two hours from the time they 
are gathered, retaining all the flavor and richness of fruit that 
has ripened where it grew. 

Land, naturally good and well adapted for raising apples, 
peaches, pears, strawberries, raspberries, and all the choice 
fruits that sell so high in the city, can yet be purchased here 
at prices not exceeding what is paid annually in rent for land 
no better adapted for that purpose, located near the city, where 
the time and cost of hauling the crops to market in wagons, 
is as great as is required to send them from here in the cars. 

Peach trees generally do so much better on new land than 
on any other, and will not succeed at all on ground where they 
have previously been grown— that I know of no better opening 
for enterprising men than to establish large orchards, which I 
think would soon equal and surpass the celebrated Delaware 
orchards — for it is in vain to plant the same stock of trees on 
any ground during the same generation, and Delaware must 
soon yield up the supremacy to some other untried section." 



13 

In fact, the soil is well adapted to the cultivation of any 
of the products of this climate. It may be thought a some- 
what bold assertion, but it will be verified by the actual truth — 
and that is, there is no better land to be procured for agricul- 
tural purposes than this, in any district or locality whatever. 
There is plenty of manure upon the tract. It is well watered, 
and in situation the land lies warm. Vegetation can here be 
ripened and ready for the market, two weeks earlier than in the 
districts now cultivated to supply the summer luxuries. 

The different qualities of the soil are as follows : 

1. A small amount of stony soil, mixed with clay and loam. 
The stone, which can be saved in clearing, will be found 
profitable, as it meets with a ready market. 

2. Fine gravelly soil, mixed with clay and loam. 

3. Sandy soil, with a clay loam bottom. 

4. Loam — consisting of sandy loam and clay loam. 

5. Clay soil, covered with loam. Some of the clay is of the best 
quality, suitable for either Potters or Brickmakers. 

6. A small amount of swamp, which can easily be drained, 
when it is the best meadow land — capable of being turned 
into the best grazing farms in the State. It is also valuable 
to have a small portion to manure the farm, from its rich 
vegetable deposit of muck. The water upon this land is 
not standing, but running, so that fever and ague is not 
known in this part of the country. 

After having selected and cleared the kind desired, the 
manner of ploughing is a most important consideration. On 
this tract the sub-soil is the best, and at all events, land should 
be ploughed deeply — skimming over it is most costly indolence, 



14 

■n-liilst going clown 10 or 15 inches will pay five-fold for the 
labor required. The best farmers, both in New Jersey and 
Pennsylvania, are the most particular in this respect. 



V. 

Different productions most adapted to each paj'ticular hind 

of soil. 

1. Stony soil is always, when found upon this land, mixed 
with clay or sandy loams. The stones are not so numerous as 
to make them much of an inconvenience ; they are easily 
removed, and then they are suitable for building. They meet, 
as observed before, with a ready sale, and yield a profit. The 
soil, after the stones are removed, is suitable for wheat, rye, oats, 
grasses, clovers, Indian corn, and all other grains generally; also 
potatoes, beets, turnips, cabbage, and most of the vegetables. 

2. Gravelly soil — mostly mixed with clay and loam ; the 
land is not quite so good as some others ; it requires a little 
better working ; the same kind of crops will suit this as the 
previous. 

3. Sandy soil. This, through ignorance, is generally not ap- 
preciated as it should be. Though it will not grow the heavier 
products, such as wheat, corn, and the like, yet it will yield 
crops which are far more profitable than even these. Sweet 
potatoes, peas, and all kinds of early vegetables, will spring up 
luxuriantly within a short time. Fruits, such as peaches, apri- 
cots, and the like, grow better in this land than any other. No 
more profitable business could be started than planting exten- 
sive peach orchards after the same style as those of Delaware. 
The Cranberry is an article which is now beginning to receive 



15 

the attention it deserves ; it has long been the opinion that they 
flourish better in low marshy land than upland. This is 
proven to be a mistake ; those raised upon the high and sandy 
soils are much larger and sweeter than the other ; the sandier 
the soil the better ; it cannot be too much so, and as this land 
generally sells cheap, whilst if the cranberry is properly culti- 
vated, it is raised easily and profitably, there is nothing which 
will pay better. In fact the profits are enormous, and it is 
only now that is properly appreciated. For those who wish to 
go into an easy trucking business, this is the soil to select. On 
account of the nature of it, it produces full two weeks earlier 
in the spring than land in the same latitude upon the Delaware 
River. This is an advantage which is weighty in dollars. 
Those who are first in the market with the early products, in- 
variably make the most money. Under the upper soil there is 
generally a rich loam. It works very easily, and if ploughed 
deeply, in real Pennsylvania style, it may be made suitable 
for almost any purpose. 

4. Loam soil. This is suitable for growing anything what- 
ever, it is the richest and most valuable kind. 

5. Clay soil upon this tract is generally mixed with loam — 
it is better than the stony soil — it is suitable for raising all 
kinds of grain, grasses, clovers, and the like. Where the top 
soil is of a sandy nature, it is excellent for growing grapes. 
The grape culture in this country, is beginning to receive con- 
siderable attention. There is no place in the United States, 
where the soil is more suitable for it, or where it can be carried 
on more profitably than here. When manufactured into light 
wines it pays splendidly, and the situation being directly between 
two of the best markets. New York and Philadelphia, it is the 
very place to commence its culture. 



16 

6. Swamp land. The small amount upon the tract, renders 
it very valuable. It contains ricli deposits of vegetable matter, 
"which makes the richest kind of manure for the upland. At 
very little expense it can be drained, when it makes the best 
growing and most luxuriant meadow, and is suitable for any- 
thing that requires a rich soil, such as grazing land, or the 
like. 

These few, but practical hints, may be sufficiently suggestive 
upon this subject. In fact, to go into details, would be too 
elaborate, and fall short of its objects. As to the different 
seasons for sowing crops, and the particular minutiae which 
should be observed in respect to each, this information can all 
be obtained from the best works upon agricultural subjects. 
I would recommend the American Farm Booh, by R. L. Allen, 
and the American Fruit Agriculturist, by J. J. Thomas. They 
can be obtained in any of the principal book stores. The 
Pennsylvania Farm Journal, would also be a great assistant. 
It contains information adapted to each month. No man, 
no matter how thorough his acquaintance with agricul- 
ture, should be without these books. They contain complete 
and correct instructions in reference to manuring, which alone 
is invaluable. We generally find farmers getting rich in pro- 
portion as they manure and improve their lands. The richest 
parts of Lancaster county, notwithstanding the superior quality 
of the soil, is generally manured better than any other in the 
State. No one can make farming pay without well manuring 
the land. A carpenter might as well ti'y to work forever with- 
out sharpening his tools. Fifty dollars, judiciously expended 
in manure, will bring from three to five hundred dollars in re- 
turn, and sometimes more. This soil should be manured at 
least as well as that of Pennsylvania. 



Timber. 

Farms should have a good supply of timber. If it embra- 
ced one-third or one-fourth of the land it might not be too 
much. It can be had very cheap, and is a great convenience 
for the purposes of fuel or repairing, and, is a saving of expense. 
The growth will pay the interest on its first cost. 

For brevity, these remarks may be sufEcient; but your atten- 
tion may as well be called to a matter of the highest import- 
ance, yet one so little thought of as to make its neglect in the 
present age a curious subject for reflection. The situation 
of this land for agricultural purposes, has more advantages 
than any general locality that can be found. This is striking. 
The mind may at once start back upon itself in questionable 
astonishment. The assertion may jar so much with all previous 
conception of the subject, as to elicit a smile of incredulity ; 
but let us withdraw the veil of prejudice, and look into the 
light of reason and demonstration. The nearest line of the 
property is twenty-eight miles from Philadelphia, the farthest 
thirty-five. It lies upon a Railroad leading directly to the last 
named city and New York; either place can be reached in one- 
half the time between breakfast and dinner. The two great- 
est consuming markets in the Union are directly at hand, where 
the demand is greater than the supply. At the terminus of 
the road, within an hours ride, is Atlantic city, a place where, 
in summer time, on the average, there will be a population of 
some three thousand visitors. Here there will be a constant de- 
mand for light produce. Within the present year it is expect- 
ed that a branch road will be built from Colville to Cape May, 
which will enlarge the advantages. But, independent of this, 



18 

take only those that are in existence and actually secured, and 
where is there a general locality in the United States that can 
exceed it. In the Spring, strawberries and all the luscious 
vegetables which are sought for with such avidity, can be 
gathered in the morning, and find a sale in either of the above 
mentioned cities before dinner time. Peaches, green corn, 
and the later products will find as ready a market. This can- 
not be denied, because it is truth, self evident, and when it is 
once admitted, any one, by employing a good agriculturalist, 
and taking a trip down upon the land, with a spade and auger 
in hand, can satisfy himself, that the soil is not surpassed in 
its richness by its superior locality. If a man has the indus- 
try and thrift to make a living anywhere upon a farm, he can 
make it here, and secure the independence which, above every- 
thing else, gives the occupation its charm. 

Remarks upon the Toivn of Oolville. 

Though farming is the intention of the Stockholders, yet as 
some have other occupations in view, a few remarks upon this 
subject may not be improper. There is no place offering more 
inducements to those who wish to carry on a business which 
can be followed away from the city than this. As a residence, 
it is particularly healthy and agreeable — the water is of the 
purest kind, and such a thing as fever and ague is unknown. It 
is destined to prosper, owing to the excellent opening it presents 
to business. There are many occupations pursued in the city, 
where people labor under the most exorbitant rents, which 
could as well be carried on here where living would cost com- 
paratively little. Weavers of fancy stuffs, and mechanics of 
various kinds, who send in their work once a week, could as 



19 

well and much better carry on their trades at Colville. 
There is also room for considerable traffic — it is one of the 
main stations for the cars, and a junction of numerous stage 
roads is formed — they lead to Weymouth Town, Emmelville, 
Walker's Forge, Estelville, Tuckahoe, Dennisville, Dyer's Creek, 
Goshen, Leedsville, Smith's Town, Cape May Court House, 
Cold Spring, Cape May Island, Pleasant Mills, Badsto, Crowley 
Town, Green Bank, Lower Bank, Bass River, Tuckerton, 
McCarty'sville, and a number of others, from which passengers 
are constantly travelling to and fro. Owing to these advantages, 
it will soon be amply supplied with Stores, Shoemakers, 
Tailors, Blacksmiths, Wheelwrights, and all that is essential to a 
town. Improvements are taking an active start, and a neat and 
commodious Presbyterian Church will soon be in course of con- 
struction. For public accommodation, a large Hotel has been 
erected, with every convenience. A very fine bowling saloon 
is within about fifty feet of the main building, which will add 
both to the comfort and pleasure of visitors. A good Livery 
Stable will also be connected with the Hotel. 

Those who wish to build country cottages for summer resi- 
dences, could not do better than by locating here. They 
would be but a short distance either from Philadelphia or 
the Sea Shore. They could go down to the beach and 
spend as much time as they might desire, and return the 
same afternoon — thus enjoying all the pleasures whilst they 
would avoid the dissipation and expense of a watering place. 
No resort could be found more susceptible of being made a 
pleasant one than this. The price of living is small, whilst 
such a fine opportunity is presented of laying out beautiful 
grounds and rural retreats, that I think all who want to luxu- 
riate in flowers, shrubbery, and fruit, should make this place 



20 

their peculiar choice. A cottage upon the fancy vilhi style, 
with ample grounds, capable of being beautifully adorned, 
forming a fine country lodge, could all be obtained at a trifling 
expense. There is access to and from the city twice each day. 

Respectfully Your Friend, 

And Fellow Associate, 

CHAS. K. LANDIS, 

Qolville, May Ist, 1855. 



